Parameterized Minimum Leaf Out-Branching Problems

Given a digraph D, the Minimum Leaf Out-Branching problem (MinLOB) is the problem of finding in D an out-branching with the minimum possible number of leaves, i.e., vertices of out-degree 0. We describe three parameterizations of MinLOB and prove that two of them are NP-complete for every value of the parameter, but the third one is fixed-parameter tractable (FPT). The FPT parametrization is as follows: given a digraph D of order n and a positive integral parameter k, check whether D contains an outbranching with at most n − k leaves (and find such an out-branching if it exists). We find a problem kernel of order O(k · 16) and construct an algorithm of running time O(2 log k) + n log n), which is an ‘additive’ FPT algorithm.